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Abstract. Quantifying continuous discharge can be difficult, especially for nascent monitoring efforts, due to the challenges of establishing gauging locations, sensor protocols, and installations. Some continuous discharge series generated by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) during its pre- and early-operational phases (2015–present) are marked by anomalies related to sensor drift, gauge movement, and incomplete rating curves. Here, we investigate the potential to estimate continuous discharge when discrete streamflow measurements are available at the site of interest. Using field-measured discharge as truth, we reconstructed continuous discharge for all 27 NEON stream gauges via linear regression on nearby donor gauges and/or prediction from neural networks trained on a large corpus of established gauge data. Reconstructions achieved median efficiencies of 0.83 (Nash–Sutcliffe, or NSE) and 0.81 (Kling–Gupta, or KGE) across all sites and improved KGE at 11 sites versus published data, with linear regression generally outperforming deep learning approaches due to the use of target site data for model fitting rather than evaluation only. Estimates from this analysis inform ∼199 site-months of missing data in the official record, and can be used jointly with NEON data to enhance the descriptive and predictive value of NEON's stream data products. We provide 5 min composite discharge series for each site that combine the best estimates across modeling approaches and NEON's published data. The success of this effort demonstrates the potential to establish “virtual gauges”, sites at which continuous streamflow can be accurately estimated from discrete measurements, by transferring information from nearby donor gauges and/or large collections of training data. 

Abstract. Streamflow, or discharge, is an essential measure in the study of rivers and streams. However, quantifying continuous discharge can be difficult, especially for nascent monitoring efforts, due to the challenges of establishing gauging locations, sensor protocols, and installations. Here, we investigate the potential for both simple and complex models to accurately estimate continuous discharge (at least daily estimates), using only discrete manual measurements of streamflow. We were inspired to do this work because some continuous discharge series generated by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) during its pre- and early-operational phases (2015–present) are marked by anomalous data due to sensor drift, gauge movement, and incomplete rating curves. Using field-measured discharge as truth, we reconstructed continuous discharge for all 27 NEON stream gauges over this period via linear regression on nearby donor gauges and/or prediction from neural networks trained on a large corpus of established gauge data. Top reconstructions achieved median efficiencies of 0.83 (Nash-Sutcliffe, or NSE) and 0.81 (Kling-Gupta, or KGE) across all sites, and improved KGE at 11 sites versus published data. Estimates from this analysis inform ~199 site-months of missing data in the official record, and can be used jointly with NEON data to enhance the descriptive and predictive value of NEON’s stream data products. We provide 5-minute composite discharge series for each site that combine the best estimates across modeling approaches and NEON’s published data.